How might artificial intelligence affect the trustworthiness of public service delivery?

The first Long-term Insights Briefing report.

References

  1. Commonwealth of Australia (2023), Intergenerational Report, Australia’s future to 2063, accessed 29 August 2023.Return to footnote 1
  2. Digital Transformation Agency, Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in the Public Sector, accessed 24 August 2023.Return to footnote 2
  3. Australian Public Service Commission, Survey of Trust in Australian Democracy (forthcoming.Return to footnote 3
  4. As outlined in the National Science and Technology Council’s Rapid Response Information Report: Generative AI - language models (LLMs) and multimodal foundation models (MFMs), ChatGPT is an early example of the kinds of applications and services that will emerge from Generative AI built on LLMs and MFMs. Generative AI takes its name from its capacity to generate novel content, as varied as text, image, music and computing code, in response to a user prompt. Return to footnote 4
  5. Bell, G, Burgess, J, Thomas, J, and Sadiq, S (2023, March 24) Rapid Response Information Report: Generative AI - language models (LLMs) and multimodal foundation models (MFMs), Australian Council of Learned Academies.Return to footnote 5
  6. Department of Industry, Science and Resources (2023), Supporting responsible AI: discussion paper consultation, accessed 29 August 2023Return to footnote 6
  7. Digital Transformation Agency, Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in the Public Sector, accessed 24 August 2023. Return to footnote 7
  8. Mayer, R, Davis, J and Schoorman, F (1995) ‘An integrative model of organizational trust’, The Academy of Management Review, 20(3): 709–734, doi: 10.2307/258792 Return to footnote 8
  9. Brezzi, M, González, S, Nguyen, D and Prats, M (2021) ‘An updated OECD framework on drivers of trust in public institutions to meet current and future challenges’, OECD Working Papers on Public Governance, No. 48, OECD Publishing, Paris. . Return to footnote 9
  10. 15 organisations representing the community: YWCA Australia, Office for Women SA, Federation of Ethnic Communities Councils of Australia, Community First Development, National Women’s Safety Alliance, Equality Rights Alliance, Harmony Alliance, the National Rural Women’s Coalition, Women with Disabilities Australia, National Older Women’s Network, National Employment Services Association, St Vincent de Paul Society, InDigital, DVA (representing veterans voices), and the Australian Healthcare and Hospital Association. Nine organisations representing industry, academia and youth: Australian Medical Association, Amazon Web Services, ANU (School of Computing, College of Arts and Social Sciences, College of Science, College of Law), ANU (Youth), The Gradient Institute, National AI Centre, Australian Information Industry Association, IBM, and the University of Technology Sydney Human Technology Institute. 16 APS agencies: Department of Industry, Sciences and Resources, Digital Transformation Agency, CSIRO/Data 61, Office of the Chief Scientist, National Disability Insurance Agency, Australian Taxation Office, Department of Home Affairs, Department of Veteran Affairs, Services Australia, Department of the Treasury, Australian Public Service Commission, Department of Employment and Workplace Relations, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Productivity Commission, and Australian Border Force. Return to footnote 10
  11. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (2023), Australia announces world first responsible AI Network to uplift industry, accessed 29 August 2023.Return to footnote 11
  12. Department of Industry, Science and Resources, AI technologies | List of Critical Technologies in the National Interest, accessed 29 August 2023.Return to footnote 12
  13. Bell, G, Burgess, J, Thomas, J, and Sadiq, S (2023, March 24) Rapid Response Information Report: Generative AI - language models (LLMs) and multimodal foundation models (MFMs), Australian Council of Learned Academies.Return to footnote 13
  14. Department of Industry, Science and Resources (2023), Supporting responsible AI: discussion paper consultation, accessed 29 August 2023.Return to footnote 14
  15. Commonwealth of Australia (2023), Intergenerational Report, Australia’s future to 2063, p.10, accessed 29 August 2023.Return to footnote 15
  16. Commonwealth of Australia (2023), Intergenerational Report, Australia’s future to 2063, p. 240 accessed 29 August 2023. Return to footnote 16
  17. Commonwealth of Australia (2023), Intergenerational Report, Australia’s future to 2063, accessed 29 August 2023.Return to footnote 17
  18. Department of Industry, Science and Resources (2023), Supporting responsible AI: discussion paper consultation, accessed 21 September 2023.Return to footnote 18
  19. Digital Transformation Agency, Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in the Public Sector, accessed 24 August 2023.Return to footnote 19
  20. Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2022), Trust in Australian public services: Annual Report 2022.Return to footnote 20
  21. Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2022), Trust in Australian public services: Annual Report 2022. Return to footnote 21
  22. Commonwealth of Australia (2023), Report of the Royal Commission into the Robodebt Scheme, p. 373.Return to footnote 22
  23. Relative to BICS countries and Singapore. 34% of Australians are willing to trust AI. In Gillespie, N., Lockey, S., Curtis, C., Pool, J., & Akbari, A. (2023). Trust in Artificial Intelligence: A Global Study. The University of Queensland and KPMG Australia. doi:10.14264/00d3c94.Return to footnote 23
  24. Gillespie, N, Lockey, S, Curtis, C, Pool, J and Akbari, A (2023) Trust in Artificial Intelligence: A Global Study, The University of Queensland and KPMG Australia. doi:10.14264/00d3c94.Return to footnote 24
  25. Australian Public Service Commission, Survey of Trust in Australian Democracy (forthcoming). Return to footnote 25
  26. Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2022), Trust in Australian public services: Annual Report 2022.Return to footnote 26
  27. Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2022), Trust in Australian public services: Annual Report 2022.Return to footnote 27
  28.  OECD (2022), Building Trust to Reinforce Democracy: Main Findings from the 2021 OECD Survey on Drivers of Trust in Public Institutions, Building Trust in Public Institutions, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/b407f99c-en.Return to footnote 28
  29. 40% of respondents to the Have Your Say survey indicated that trust to them meant service performance — more than any other option. Return to footnote 29
  30. Australian Public Service Commission (2021), Fact sheet: Defining Integrity, accessed 29 August 2023.Return to footnote 30
  31. Reid, A, O’Callaghan, S and Lu, Y (2023). Implementing Australia’s AI Ethics Principles: A selection of Responsible AI practices and resources. Gradient Institute and CSIRO.Return to footnote 31
  32. Bell, G, Burgess, J, Thomas, J, and Sadiq, S (2023, March 24) Rapid Response Information Report: Generative AI - language models (LLMs) and multimodal foundation models (MFMs), Australian Council of Learned Academies.Return to footnote 32
  33. Department of Industry, Science and Resources (2023), Supporting responsible AI: discussion paper consultation, accessed 29 August 2023.Return to footnote 33
  34. Commonwealth of Australia (2019), Our Public Service Our Future, Independent Review of the Australian Public Service, p. 13, accessed 29 August 2023.Return to footnote 34
  35. Department of Industry, Science and Resources (2023), Supporting responsible AI: discussion paper consultation, accessed 29 August 2023.Return to footnote 35
  36. Alistair Reid, Simon O’Callaghan, and Yaya Lu. 2023. Implementing Australia’s AI Ethics Principles: A selection of Responsible AI practices and resources. Gradient Institute and CSIRO. Return to footnote 36
  37. OECD (2023), OECD AI Policy Observatory, AI-Principles Overview - OECD.AI, accessed 20 September 2023. OECD (2021) ‘Tools for trustworthy AI: A framework to compare implementation tools for trustworthy AI systems, OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 312, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/008232ec-en.Return to footnote 37
  38. Commonwealth Ombudsman (2007), Automated Decision Making, accessed 22 September 2023.Return to footnote 38
  39. Digital Transformation Agency, Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in the Public Sector, accessed 24 August 2023.Return to footnote 39
  40. Australian Taxation Office’s data ethics principles, accessed 20 September 2023. Return to footnote 40
  41. Office of the Australian Information Commissioner (2023) Australian Community Attitudes to Privacy Survey 2023, 8 August 2023 Return to footnote 41
  42. Office of the Australian Information Commissioner (2023)  Australian Community Attitudes to Privacy Survey 2023, 8 August 2023 Return to footnote 42
  43. Walter, M and Kukutai, T (2018), Artificial Intelligence and Indigenous Data Sovereignty, input paper for the Horizon Scanning Project “The Effective and Ethical Development of Artificial Intelligence: An Opportunity to Improve Our Wellbeing” on behalf of the Australian Council of Learned Academies. Return to footnote 43
  44. Department of Industry, Science and Resources (2023), Supporting responsible AI: discussion paper consultation, accessed 29 August 2023. Return to footnote 44
  45. Department of Industry, Science and Resources (2023), Supporting responsible AI: discussion paper consultation, accessed 29 August 2023. Return to footnote 45
  46. Australian National University, Rapid Evidence Assessment, Finding 3.3 Return to footnote 4
  47. For example, see the Australian Taxation Office’s data ethics principles, accessed 20 September 2023.Return to footnote 47
  48. Thomas, J, McCosker, A, Parkinson, S, Hegarty, K, Featherstone, D, Kennedy, J, Holcombe-James, I, Ormond-Parker, L and Ganley, L (2023) Measuring Australia’s Digital Divide: Australian Digital Inclusion Index: 2023. Melbourne: ARC Centre of Excellence for Automated Decision-Making and Society, RMIT University, Swinburne University of Technology, and Telstra.Australian Digital Inclusion Index Return to footnote 48
  49. Reid, A, O’Callaghan, S and Lu, Y (2023). Implementing Australia’s AI Ethics Principles: A selection of Responsible AI practices and resources. Gradient Institute and CSIRO.Return to footnote 49
  50. Office of the Australian Information Commissioner (2023)  Australian Community Attitudes to Privacy Survey 2023, 8 August 2023.Return to footnote 50
  51. Commonwealth of Australia (2019), Our Public Service Our Future, Independent Review of the Australian Public Service, p. 13, accessed 29 August 2023 Return to footnote 51
  52. United Nations, Our growing population, accessed 29 August 2023.Return to footnote 52
  53. Infrastructure Australia, State of Australian cities (2010), accessed 29 August 2023.Return to footnote 53
  54. OECD (2019), Enhancing the contribution of digitalisation to the smart cities of the future, OECDPublishing, Paris, accessed 29 August 2023.Return to footnote 54